Predictive Maintenance

R Keith Mobley , in Plant Engineer's Handbook, 2001

Infrared thermometers

Infrared thermometers or spot radiometers are designed to provide the actual surface temperature at a single, relatively small point on a automobile or surface. Within a predictive maintenance programme, the signal-of-use infrared thermometer can be used in conjunction with many of the microprocessor-based vibration instruments to monitor the temperature at disquisitional points on plant machinery or equipment. This technique is typically used to monitor bearing cap temperatures, motor winding temperatures, spot checks of process piping temperatures and similar applications. It is limited in that the temperature represents a single signal on the machine or structure. However when used in conjunction with vibration data, point-of-use infrared data can exist a valuable tool.

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Temperature Measurement

C. Hagart-Alexander , in Instrumentation Reference Book (Fourth Edition), 2010

21.vi.ii.7 Radiation Thermometer Applications

Infrared thermometers are currently used in a broad range of laboratory and industrial temperature command applications. A few low-temperature examples include extrusion, lamination and drying of plastics, paper and rubber, curing of resins, adhesives and paints, and common cold-rolling and forming of metals.

Some high-temperature examples include forming, tempering, and annealing of glass; smelting, casting, rolling, forging, and rut treating of metals; and calcining and firing of ceramics and cement.

In short, the infrared thermometer can be used in virtually whatever application in the range 0 to 3,600°C where its unique capabilities can turn a seemingly impossible measurement and control problem into a practical working process. Many processes now controlled manually can exist converted into continuous, automated systems.

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Temperature and Its Measurement

Joseph Priest , in Encyclopedia of Energy, 2004

half-dozen.three.2 Infrared Thermometer

An infrared thermometer uses a lens system to focus radiation onto an infrared detector that converts the energy captivated into an electrical signal. The temperature inferred from the electrical point is corrected for the emissivity of the source. Using optical filters, infrared thermometers may apply a very narrow range of wavelengths, whereas other systems may use a very broad range of wavelengths. In either example, the free energy absorbed is related to temperature using Planck's law. Broadband infrared spectrometers are relatively inexpensive and piece of cake to employ, but their accurateness suffers from the fact that emissivity depends on wavelength, thereby making corrections difficult. Narrow-ring infrared thermometers do not face this limitation because the emissivity value does not vary appreciably over the wavelengths used ( Fig. x).

Figure ten. Schematic diagram of an infrared thermometer.

Modern technology is continually improving the accuracy of infrared thermometers. For example, fiber-optic sensors allow placement of the instrument controls away from the rut of the object being studied. Contempo developments in infrared thermometers have combined pulse light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation engineering with narrow-band, single-color infrared thermometers to automatically determine emissivity values and accurately correct for true target temperature. This engineering incorporates the utilise of a pulse light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation that emits free energy within the same narrow bandwidth that the instrument measures the target thermal radiation. The musical instrument's infrared detector measures the amount of laser energy reflected from the target, and the microprocessor command converts this additional energy into an accurate value to compensate for emissivity. The instrument then displays true target temperatures, corrected for emissivity and accurate to within ±three   1000. Pulse light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation technology is very effective with diffuse targets.

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Nanopowdered biochar materials as a selective coating in solar flat plate collectors

Chiliad.M. Prasannakumaran , ... Five. Kirubakaran , in Nanomaterials, 2021

31.four.1.1 Using an infrared thermometer

An infrared thermometer measures temperature from a part of the blackness-torso radiations produced and discharged by the targeted textile. They are as well known every bit laser thermometers as a light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation light is used to target the material, or noncontact thermometers or temperature guns due to the device'southward ability to measure temperature from a distance. Past finding the quantity of infrared rays produced and discharged by the targeted material and its emissivity, the object'due south temperature can be measured within a ready range of the bodily temperature. Infrared thermometers are a group of devices known as thermal radiation thermometers. In this experiment they were used to find the surface temperature of the absorber plates with diverse types of selective coating. In this experiment, one absorber plate was coated with blackness chrome paint and the other was coated with a novel biochar nanopowdered coating. The results indicated that the temperature of the novel biochar-coated absorber was slightly higher than that of the blackness chrome-coated absorber plate.

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Remote sensing and remote measurement technology of transmission lines

Yi Hu , Kai Liu , in Inspection and Monitoring Technologies of Transmission Lines with Remote Sensing, 2017

two.one.2.2 Examples for infrared detecting instruments

1.

Overview of infrared detecting instruments.

In the 1960s, Cathay successfully developed the first infrared thermometer and later, subsequently 1990, a series of small-target long-distance thermometers fitting the characteristics of electrical equipment, such as IRT-1200D, HCW-III, HCW-V YHCW-9400, WHD4015 (double-laying, target D40  mm, up to 15   m), and WFHX330 (optical laying, target D50   mm, upward to 30   m). The PM-20, PM-30, PM-40, PM-50, and HAS-201 thermometers produced in the United States, and the TPT20, TPT30, TPT40, TPT50, and other thermometers, produced in Sweden, also take wide applications.

The infrared thermal imager group mainly includes the TVS-2000 and TVS-100, made in Nippon, the PM-250, fabricated in the United States, and the AGA-THV510, AGA-THV550, and AGA-THV570, fabricated in Sweden. The domestic infrared thermal imager, featuring localization, has been adult in Kunming, China.

ii.

Infrared detecting products.

a.

IR913A uncooled focal plane infrared thermal imager.

i.

Product description. IR913A uncooled focal plane infrared thermal imagers are widely applied in ascertainment, monitoring and detection, and are suitable for the power, chemical, and metallurgical industries.

ii.

Technical features.

Real-fourth dimension automatic tracking of maximum temperature

Electronic magnification: ii× and 4×

Large-capacity CF memory carte with a capacity of up to grand pictures

Thermometry and isothermal analysis at four random points of full screen

Simultaneous playback browsing of many pictures

Small volume, lightweight, and cost-effective

Software assay office

Chinese menu (English culling)

Noncontact temperature measurement

three.

See Tabular array two.2 for parameters of the IR913A uncooled focal airplane infrared thermal imager.

Table 2.ii. Technical Parameters of IR913A Uncooled Focal Plane Infrared Thermal Imager

Items Parameters Items Parameters
Imaging type Uncooled focal plane infrared thermal imager Focus range (mm) 0.5~∞
Working range (μm) 8–14 Display screen iv in. display screen
Temperature resolution (°C) 0.06 Lens (mm) 50
Pixel 320×240 Vocalisation recording fourth dimension (s/picture) 8
Digital image (Fleck) xvi Memory Common CF card (1000 pictures)
Spatial resolution (mrad) 1 Dimension (mm×mm×mm) 164×ninety×98
Accuracy (°C) ±i±1% Mass (kg) 1.5
Measurement range (°C) −xx–+400 (expandable to 1500) External power source 7.ii
Frame rate (moving picture/s) 50 Battery 2   h lithium battery
Video output PAL/NTSC Working environment (°C) −20~+50

Note: 1 in=two.54×ten−2  m.

iv.

Functions.

The wholly digital processing and point enhancing engineering science bring the temperature resolution of the imager upwardly to 0.06°C, showing an observable small temperature change.

Real-time prototype magnification.

The imager tin exist used to automatically mensurate the temperature at four random points of the full screen and for isothermal analysis. Information technology can be used to measure the temperature at any betoken of an object detected in automatic mode, with existent-time display.

Large screen display. The imager has a large LED screen and paradigm freeze-frame function.

Piece of cake performance. The imager is small in volume and light in weight, with multifunction touch buttons.

The bombardment tin can work reliably for a long time without maintenance.

Large-capacity interior digital memory. The imager takes an advanced CF card for digital retentivity, able to store k pictures.

Vocalisation recording and alarm. The instrument can give a voice alert if excessive temperature is detected at any signal.

The imager is capable of a diverseness of editing and other processes, such as image sharpening, image enhancing, error massage extraction, satellite remote-sensing engineering science, three-dimensional thermography, continuous magnification of selected region, searching and positioning of maximum temperature, temperature measurement at whatsoever point or line, automatic reporting of colored study, and conducting detection results assay, integrating the data bank management mode with the file management mode; and it is uniform with software including Windows 95/98/2000/XP.

b.

IR220 infrared thermal imager.

i.

Product clarification. Compact in design and easy to operate, the IR220 infrared thermal imager is the ideal system of online temperature measuring and analyzing meter. With it, operators can obtain the real-fourth dimension thermal distribution for the temperature at any point.

ii.

Technical features.

Special design of online-blazon monitoring

Real-time transmission from a signal to the mainframe

Digital paradigm retentiveness of temperature information

RS485 advice interface

Culling network control

iii.

See Table 2.3 for technical parameters of the IR220 infrared thermal imager.

Table 2.3. Technical Parameters of IR220 Infrared Thermal Imager

Items Parameters Items Parameters
Imaging type Uncooled focal plane infrared thermal imager Spatial resolution (mrad) 1.2
Spectrum range (μm) 8–fourteen Working environment Manual/automatic
Temperature resolution (°C) 0.08 Interface mode RS-485 advice interface
Accuracy (°C) ±2±2% Video output PAL/NTSC
Temperature range (°C) −10–+400 Operating temperature (°C) −10–+50
Frame charge per unit (Hz) fifty Memory temperature (°C) −40–+lx
Field of view (°C) 18×16 Dimension (mm×mm×mm) 340×160×128
Focus range (mm) 50~∞ Mass (kg) two (with battery)
c.

IR928 uncooled focal aeroplane infrared thermal imager.

i.

Product description. The IR928 uncooled focal plane infrared thermal imager uses the uncooled focal plane 320×240 detecting technology, with functions of full-screen existent-time temperature detection, automated tracking of maximum temperature and voice alarm at setting temperature. It has a temperature resolution of 0.06°C and a CF card for flick retentiveness. The lithium battery goes for over two   h between charges. Temperature detected is up to 1500°C. The imager has temperature analysis software (epitome assay, processing, transformation, automated reporting, etc.), applicable to the healthcare, ability, fire protection, and petrochemical and metallurgical industries.

two.

Technical features.

Real-fourth dimension automatic tracking of maximum temperature

Power-driven focusing function

Real-fourth dimension electronic magnification: 2×, four×, and 8×

Large-chapters CF retentiveness menu with chapters for up to 1000 pictures

Thermometry at four random points of total screen

Real-time clock function

Existent-time analysis on regional temperature, line temperature, and isothermal line

Wireless transmission

Simultaneous playback browsing of many pictures

Chinese operation interface (English language alternative)

Small and light

Long-focus lens

Software analysis function

iii.

See Tabular array two.iv for technical parameters of the IR928 uncooled focal plane infrared thermal imager (high-terminate blazon).

Table 2.4. Technical Parameters of IR928 Uncooled Focal Plane Infrared Thermal Imager (High-Finish Type)

Items Parameters Items Parameters
Imaging blazon Uncooled focal plane infrared thermal imager Focus range (m) 0.v~∞
Working range (μm) viii–14 Display screen iv in. display screen
Temperature resolution (°C) 0.08 Lens (mm) 40
Pixels 320×240 Vocalism recording time (southward/moving picture) 8
Digital prototype (Flake) 16 Memory Common CF card (1000 pictures)
Spatial resolution (mrad) 1 Dimension (mm×mm×mm) 146×80×95
Accuracy (°C) ±two±two% Mass (kg) 1.two
Measurement range (°C) −twenty–+500 (expandable to 1500) Bombardment 2   h lithium battery
Frame rate (picture/s) l Working surroundings (°C) −twenty–+l

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Elements of Process Command

Zeki Berk , in Nutrient Process Engineering and Technology, 2009

A. Temperature

The almost common temperature sensing devices are: filled thermometers, bimetals, thermocouples, resistance thermometers, thermistors and infrared thermometers.

Filled thermometers measure temperatures either through the thermal expansion of a liquid or through changes in the vapor force per unit area of a relatively volatile substance. The thermal expansion thermometers are the most common blazon. The fluid in the thermometer is ordinarily mercury or colored booze. Although the sturdy construction of industrial filled thermometers protects the product from contamination with glass, mercury or spirit in the case of breakage, filled thermometers are being replaced with other types that practise not present that kind of risk. For traditional reasons, however, the use of mercury-in-glass thermometers as a temperature reference in food canning is still mandatory.

Bimetal thermometers consist of strips of 2 dissimilar metals, joined together. Due to the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient of the metals, a alter in the temperature causes the strip to bend or twist. The displacement is commonly read on a dial. They can serve every bit on-off actuators in unproblematic thermostats in ovens, frying pans etc. Bimetal thermometers are non accurate and they lack stability.

Thermocouples (Reed, 1999) are among the most common industrial temperature measuring devices. They are based on a phenomenon discovered by the German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck in 1821. Seebeck discovered that a voltage is generated in a conductor subjected to a temperature difference between its extremities. The value of the voltage generated varies from one metal to another. Consequently, an electrical current flows in a closed circuit fabricated of two different metals when their two junctions are held at different temperatures. The EMF created is a measure of the temperature difference between the junctions. Thus, a thermocouple measures a temperature difference, hence the temperature of one junction if the temperature of the other (reference) junction is known.

The voltage V generated every bit a result of the thermoelectric issue is given approximately by:

(5.xiv) Five = S Δ T

where S is the Seebeck coefficient of the fabric. The coefficient Southward is temperature dependent. If ii electrothermally dissimilar conductors A and B are joined at points ane and 2, then the voltage generated betwixt 1 and 2 is approximately:

(5.15) V ane - 2 = ( Due south A - S B ) ( T 1 - T 2 )

If the Seebeck coefficients exercise not change much within the temperature range in question, then:

(5.sixteen) V 1 - 2 = k . Δ T

Indeed, within a known rage of temperatures, the response of a thermocouple is fairly linear, i.east. the EMF generated is proportional to the temperature divergence. This EMF is generally in the order of a few mV per 100°C. The most common pairs used are copper/constantan and iron/constantan (Constantan is a copper-nickel alloy). The Seebeck coefficients of copper, iron and constantan are +6.5, +19 and −35   μV/K, respectively. The measuring junction of a thermocouple may be very pocket-sized, thus permitting measurement of the temperature in a precise location. Thermocouples with different kinds of tips (measuring junctions) are available for different applications (e.g. thermocouples for measuring the temperature inside a tin can).

Resistance thermometers (Burns, 1999) or resistance temperature detectors (RTD) are based on the event of temperature on the electrical resistance of metals. Due to their accurateness and robustness, they are extensively used as in-line thermometers in the food manufacture. Inside a broad range of temperatures the resistance of metals increases linearly with temperature. The measuring element is unremarkably made of platinum. The resistance of platinum changes by approximately 0.4% per One thousand. Since electric current flows through the measuring element during the measurement, in that location is some degree of cocky-heating of the thermometer, causing a slight mistake in the readings.

Thermistors (Sapoff, 1999) are also resistance thermometers only the resistance of the measuring element, a ceramic semiconductor, decreases with the temperature. Thermistors are very accurate only highly non-linear. They are used where very loftier accuracy is a requisite.

Infrared thermometry (Fraden, 1999) measures temperatures past measuring the infrared emission of the object. Infrared thermometers may be remote (non-contact) or on-line (contact). In the contact type a small black-body chamber is in contact with the object. A small infrared sensor installed inside the chamber measures the emission of the black-trunk walls. In the non-contact type, the lens is directed to the object. In infrared thermometry, it is important to consider the emissivity of the object. Furthermore, in non-contact applications, the instrument reads the average temperature of what it sees, i.due east. the object and its surroundings. To overcome this problem, instruments can 'ingather' the image so every bit to consider just the part where the object is present. Remote infrared thermometry is extremely useful in measuring objects that cannot be accessed for contact (eastward.g. in microwave heating) and moving objects.

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Thermometers

Gail Baura , in Medical Device Technologies (2d Edition), 2021

IR thermometer clinical accurateness

The test weather for electronic thermometers simulate bodily conduction atmospheric condition during clinical use. In contrast, the test weather condition for infrared thermometers practise not simulate actual radiations conditions during clinical apply.

ASTM E1965-98 recommends that a manufacturer determine clinical bias and clinical repeatability from an unspecified number of febrile and afebrile subjects. Clinical bias is the hateful difference between measurements in the ear culvert and measurements at a trunk reference site. Clinical repeatability is the pooled standard deviation of three measurements calculated from the aforementioned ear. For both statistics, the forehead is not mentioned. This standard also recommends 3 age groups of subjects: infants (newborn to 1 year), children (>1–5 years), and developed (>five years) (ASTM, 2016).

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Thermometry Accuracy Lab

Gail D. Baura , in Medical Device Technologies, 2012

Publisher Summary

This chapter presents the step-past-step instructions for a thermometry laboratory experiment which uses a infirmary-course electronic thermometer and consumer infrared thermometer. During this experiment, i volition be testing an electronic and infrared thermometer under laboratory conditions to decide which thermometer is more than accurate. The more accurate thermometer is used for reference measurements made by the group members to appraise clinical accurateness. The equipments required for this experiment include a room thermometer, a relative humidity meter, a stopwatch, a Welch Allyn Certain Temp thermometer, a consumer ear thermometer, and 42 Welch Allyn Sure Temp thermometer probe covers. For starting the protocol, the room temperature and room relative humidity is recorded and the new batteries are inserted into each thermometer. A table for recording ear and oral thermometry measurements from each person in the group in random social club is constructed. The ear and oral temperatures are measured simultaneously, with half-dozen replications, for a total number of 18 paired measurements. A new disposable oral probe and a new disposable ear probe are inserted simultaneously into the subject and the displayed temperature readings are recorded for each thermometer.

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Microwave and Terahertz Sensing for Well Existence

Qammer H Abbasi , ... Akram Alomainy , in Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, 2021

Introduction

A sensor is a device that converts a physical quantity into a useful electrical bespeak. These days nosotros find a vast variety of sensors omnipresent around united states of america; from infrared thermometers that infer the human trunk temperature from the thermal radiation, to lite emitting diodes used for facial recognition in the mobile phones. Every bit more of these technologies are deployed around united states of america, in that location has been a growing business concern on the safety and privacy of the use of sensors. Yet on the bright side, in that location are evolving sensing technologies that are privacy preserving. The electromagnetic spectrum, that ranges from the extremely low frequency radio waves to very loftier frequency gamma rays, has sure bands that permit for a rubber, accurate and about importantly secure means of sensing and communications. Master among them are the radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (0.3–300  GHz), and terahertz (THz) frequency (0.3–30   THz) regions. In this article, we focus on the RF and THz sensing technologies that we have used in monitoring the wellbeing of human beings also as plants in a truly non-invasive mode. In section non-contact RF sensing, we kickoff discuss the basic principles of the sensing applied science so demonstrate how information technology can be used to accurately detect homo action such every bit falls. In section THz sensing, we describe the THz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) technique through which the textile properties of a specimen can be adamant using the THz waves. Later, we talk over its applications in the field of precision agriculture and monitoring the health of plants. Finally, we conclude with some of the hereafter applications of the technologies that are discussed in this commodity.

Ambient sensing systems are essentially device-complimentary systems that piece of work on sensing the modify in the wireless medium. Notably, the activity of a person is monitored without placing any device on the body. In social club to engineer such a system successfully, several technologies such as figurer vision, microphone arrays, pressure sensors, vibration sensors and RF sensing (Wi-Fi, depression power wireless networks and Doppler radar) (Shah et al., 2021) need to be deployed synchronously. The reckoner vision-based sensing systems are generally reliable and accurate, yet nowadays few limitations, equally they depend on ambient visible light. As a result, the system operation is severely affected by atmospheric pollutants such every bit fume. Most importantly, a person can be easily identified through visible light, therefore, such systems enhance privacy concerns. Moreover, ambience sensing systems that may comprise devices like pressure level sensors, microphone arrays and vibration sensors are also affected past external sources of pressure, audio or vibrations and can provide false detection, which can lead to false alarms (Shah et al., 2018b). Specifically, vibration sensors have usually relative lower range resolution and a big number of them is required for a dense deployment (Nishino et al., 2014). On the other hand, RF sensing is a relatively new field when compared to aforementioned sensing systems. Using wireless signals such every bit the Wi-Fi, and micro-Doppler based radar sensing devices, we can engineer low power systems that provide high-resolution data extracted in the form of the wireless medium'southward channel state information, and spatial features such as micro-Doppler, and angle information.

Recently, the RF sensing applications have plant extensive employ in healthcare monitoring applications, virtually notable among them is the detection of fall in the elderly population. For this, commercially available small-scale wireless devices can be utilized that prove to be much cheaper than more complex micro-Doppler radar sensors. Furthermore, the systems constructed using off-the-shelf wireless components can not only just be used for sensing applications, just besides for wireless communication. The principle of such systems lies in the probing the change in the wireless medium due to human being activity. The signature of each activity can be learnt from observations, and potentially dangerous deportment such as falls can later be detected accurately. The ability to track the wellbeing of the elderly population in settings such every bit care homes has not but got peachy potential just huge economic benefits equally well.

The full number of elderly people, 65   + years erstwhile are rising sharply due to increase in the man life expectancy. The size of the population of this historic period grouping volition be shut to a quarter of the 20–64 historic period group by the yr 2040 (Hassan et al., 2019). Every yr, around one third of the elderly population suffer from events such equally falls, that have long-lasting adverse effects on their wellbeing, and approximately ane 5th of such falls lead to severe injuries. If the affected people are non dealt with immediately, fatal injuries may occur, and many more end up having severely restricted mobility. As a issue, the quality of life is adversely affected in which they may dread any future occurrence of like incidents, and in that location is an increased dependence on others (Nho et al., 2020). Falls are regarded equally ane of the main causes of death in elderly people around the earth. A monitoring system that tin can detect potential falls and urgently inform caregivers can prevent serious injuries. The Wi-Fi based RF sensing organisation addresses this trouble and has the potential to exist vital to the wellbeing of the elderly customs in several ways: kickoff and most importantly, it can shorten the fourth dimension interval in which a person is left unaddressed after suffering from a fall, and secondly, information technology can restore confidence of a person (Yang et al., 2018). An RF fall detector usually comprises a sensor unit that detects the falls, and a feedback unit (FU) that alerts the caregiver of any blow. In the next section, we summarize the design, implementation, and evaluation of a device-free RF fall-detection organization that uses the off-the-shelf Wi-Fi infrastructure. Nosotros draw how the human activity and motion affects the channel state information of the wireless medium.

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Rail transit channel robot systems

Hui Liu , in Robot Systems for Track Transit Applications, 2020

Abstract

This chapter provides a groundwork on rail transit equipment and the history of the development and hardware composition of the channel robot, including the ground rail, dual-arm robot, infrared thermometer, laser sensor, and so on. Then, the Trouble of Moving Electrical Multiple Units Detection Arrangement intelligent sensing system is described in detail, including visible epitome intelligent analysis, infrared thermal paradigm temperature alarm, location detection, big data assay, and democratic recharging. Finally, the bogie fault diagnosis algorithm based on a deep learning model is introduced, including signal acquisition, signal feature extraction based on wavelet analysis and empirical mode decomposition, and mistake diagnosis model based on the convolution neural network.

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